Chapter Equine
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Q: What is the causative agent of equine influenza?
A: Equine Influenza Virus (EIV), primarily the H3N8 subtype of the Orthomyxoviridae family.
Q: How is equine influenza transmitted among horses?
A: It spreads through aerosolized respiratory droplets, especially in high-density settings like stables and events.
Q: Which horses are most at risk for equine influenza?
A: Young, unvaccinated horses, or those frequently exposed to new groups of horses.
Q: What are the main clinical signs of equine influenza?
A: Key signs include a harsh, dry cough, fever (often >39°C), nasal discharge, lethargy, and anorexia.
Q: How soon do clinical signs of equine influenza typically appear after exposure?
A: Clinical signs usually appear within 1-3 days post-exposure.
Q: Describe the pathophysiology of equine influenza.
A: EIV infects and damages respiratory epithelial cells, impairing mucociliary clearance, leading to an increased risk of secondary bacterial infections.
Q: What is the primary diagnostic method for equine influenza?
A: PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) testing of nasal or pharyngeal swabs to detect viral RNA.
Q: Besides PCR, what other methods are used to confirm equine influenza?
A: Virus isolation and serology (demonstrating a fourfold increase in antibody titers).
Q: What is the main focus of treatment for equine influenza?
A: Supportive care, including rest and isolation, NSAIDs for fever and inflammation, and antibiotics if secondary infections are suspected.
Q: How long should infected horses be isolated to prevent the spread of equine influenza?
A: Infected horses should be isolated for 2-3 weeks.
Q: What is the primary preventive measure for equine influenza?
A: Vaccination, typically every 6-12 months, with more frequent boosters (every 3-6 months) for high-risk horses.
Q: What biosecurity measures help prevent the spread of equine influenza?
A: Quarantine new or returning horses for at least 2 weeks, and practice regular disinfection of shared equipment and facilities.
Q: What are possible complications if equine influenza is not managed properly?
A: Potential complications include chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, and long-term performance issues.
Q: Why is equine influenza economically impactful?
A: Costs arise from treatment, biosecurity measures, decreased performance, and potential cancellations of events due to outbreaks.
Q: How does equine influenza compare to other respiratory diseases in terms of spread and impact?
A: Equine influenza is highly contagious and can spread rapidly in dense horse populations, making control critical to prevent large-scale outbreaks.