Surgery

Biopsy is a fundamental diagnostic procedure in veterinary and human medicine, essential for the accurate diagnosis of solid skin and subcutaneous tumors.

Blood transfusions are a critical component of veterinary surgical practice, providing essential support in various clinical scenarios. The transfusion of fresh frozen plasma (FFP), fresh whole blood (FWB), and packed red blood cells (PRBCs) each has specific indications and benefits.

Antibiotics are crucial in the treatment of bacterial infections in both human and veterinary medicine. They function by targeting specific bacterial processes and structures, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth or killing the bacteria.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a significant concern in small animal practice, leading to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and additional costs.

Diagnosing a primary bone tumour requires accurate sampling techniques to obtain representative tissue for histopathological examination.

Surgical excision is a primary treatment modality for solid tumours in veterinary practice. The extent of surgical intervention, or surgical dose, varies based on the tumour type, location, and the goal of surgery.

Accurate determination and excision of tumour margins are crucial in veterinary oncology to ensure complete removal of cancerous cells, minimize recurrence, and improve prognosis.

Sterilisation is a critical process in veterinary surgery to ensure the complete elimination of all forms of microbial life from surgical instruments and equipment.

Sterilisation is a critical process in veterinary practice to ensure that surgical instruments and other medical devices are free from any viable microorganisms.

William Stewart Halsted, a pioneering American surgeon in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, is credited with developing a set of surgical principles that have become the cornerstone of modern surgical practice.

Surgical wounds are classified based on the level of contamination present at the time of the operation. This classification helps predict the risk of postoperative infection and guides the selection of appropriate perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis.

Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process that involves multiple overlapping phases aimed at restoring the integrity and function of injured tissues.

Wound healing is a critical aspect of veterinary surgery, involving a complex interplay of biological processes aimed at restoring the integrity of injured tissues.

Hemostasis is a critical physiological process that prevents excessive blood loss following vascular injury while maintaining blood in a fluid state within the circulatory system.

Wound healing is a complex, multi-phase process aimed at restoring tissue integrity after injury. The risk of infection is a critical concern,

Von Willebrand Disease (vWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder in both humans and dogs, characterized by a deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a glycoprotein essential for platelet adhesion during the clotting process.

Hemostasis is a critical physiological process that prevents excessive blood loss following vascular injury while maintaining blood in a fluid state within the vascular system.

Free mesh skin grafting is a common surgical technique employed in both human and veterinary medicine for the reconstruction of extensive skin defects.

Skin, the largest organ in both animals and humans, serves as a critical barrier protecting against environmental hazards and pathogens.

Axial pattern flaps are a crucial component of reconstructive surgery in veterinary medicine, particularly for canines.

Septic arthritis in dogs is a severe and often debilitating condition characterized by the inflammation of joints due to bacterial infection. It can lead to significant pain, joint dysfunction, and if left untreated, can cause permanent joint damage or systemic illness.

Bone healing is a complex physiological process that can occur through two primary mechanisms: direct (primary) and indirect (secondary) healing.

Bone fractures are common injuries in both human and veterinary medicine. While many fractures heal without complications, some may result in delayed healing or fail to heal properly.

Physeal fractures, also known as growth plate fractures, are a significant concern in pediatric orthopedics due to their potential impact on bone growth and development.

Cranial cruciate ligament disease, also known as cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR), is a prevalent cause of hind limb lameness in dogs.

Fracture stabilization is an essential process in orthopedic and trauma surgery aimed at ensuring proper alignment and healing of broken bones.

Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease, is a chronic and progressive condition characterized by the degeneration of articular cartilage, subchondral bone remodeling, and synovial inflammation.

The calcanean tendon, commonly referred to as the Achilles tendon, is a vital structure in the canine hind limb, contributing significantly to locomotion.

External fixation is a critical component of modern veterinary orthopedic surgery. It involves the use of pins, wires, and external scaffolding to stabilize bone fragments or joints, facilitating proper alignment and healing.

Osteochondritis and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) are developmental orthopedic diseases that primarily affect young, large, and giant breed dogs.

Bone plating is a widely used technique in veterinary orthopedic surgery for the stabilization and fixation of fractures. The development of various bone plate designs and application methods has revolutionized fracture management, enabling the successful treatment of complex fractures in small and large animals.

Hip dysplasia is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders in dogs, particularly affecting large and giant breeds. It is a multifactorial disease with genetic, environmental, and nutritional influences contributing to its development.

Elbow dysplasia is a multifaceted disorder characterized by developmental abnormalities of the elbow joint, leading to pain, lameness, and degenerative joint disease.

Arthrodesis is a surgical procedure aimed at achieving joint fusion to alleviate pain, improve function, and stabilize a compromised joint.

Medial patellar luxation is a significant cause of lameness in dogs, particularly affecting small and toy breeds, although it can also occur in larger breeds.

Pelvic fractures in dogs are frequent orthopedic injuries, typically resulting from high-impact trauma. The pelvis is a complex structure composed of several bones, including the ilium, ischium, pubis, and acetabulum, which form the pelvic girdle.

Osteosarcoma (OSA) is a malignant mesenchymal tumor characterized by the production of osteoid and immature bone. In dogs, appendicular OSA predominantly affects the long bones of the limbs and is most commonly seen in large and giant breeds.

Coxofemoral luxation (CFL) is the complete displacement of the femoral head from the acetabulum, usually caused by trauma such as vehicular accidents or falls.

Elbow luxation, also known as elbow dislocation, involves the displacement of the radius and ulna from their normal articulation with the humerus. This condition can be classified into congenital and traumatic types, with the latter being more common.

Sacrocaudal luxation, or tail pull injury, is a common injury in cats, typically resulting from trauma such as vehicular accidents or falls

Megacolon is a significant gastrointestinal disorder in cats that involves the pathological enlargement and reduced motility of the colon.

The omentum, often referred to as the "policeman of the abdomen," is a vital anatomical structure within the peritoneal cavity. Its ability to adhere to and protect injured or infected areas makes it invaluable in veterinary surgery.

Salivary glands play a pivotal role in the initial stages of digestion in both dogs and cats. They are exocrine glands that secrete saliva, which contains enzymes, electrolytes, mucus, and antimicrobial proteins

The small intestine is a vital organ in the gastrointestinal tract, playing a significant role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. In dogs and cats, the small intestine is divided into three distinct sections: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV) is a severe and acute condition that primarily affects large and giant breed dogs.

The liver is the largest gland in the body and performs various essential functions, including metabolism, storage, detoxification, and secretion of bile.

Perineal herniation is a common condition in older, intact male dogs, characterized by the protrusion of pelvic or abdominal contents through a defect in the pelvic diaphragm.

The esophagus and small intestine, although both components of the gastrointestinal tract, have distinct histologic features that necessitate different surgical techniques and considerations

Oral neoplasms in dogs represent a significant portion of veterinary oncologic cases, with a range of histologic types that can present varying degrees of malignancy and invasiveness.

Introduce your lesson with an optional, short summary. You can edit Esophageal obstruction, also known as esophageal foreign body or esophageal stricture, is a common emergency in veterinary medicine. It can result from the ingestion of foreign objects, esophageal strictures, neoplasia, or external compression

Hepatic shunts in dogs are congenital or acquired conditions where blood from the gastrointestinal tract bypasses the liver and enters the systemic circulation directly.

The digestive system of dogs is supplied by a complex network of blood vessels that ensure the delivery of nutrients and oxygen while facilitating the removal of metabolic waste products.

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped, musculotendinous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity in mammals.

Shock in small animals is a life-threatening emergency that requires prompt recognition and intervention. It can result from various underlying conditions, and its successful management relies on understanding its pathophysiology, identifying the underlying cause, and implementing appropriate treatment strategies.

Fibrocartilaginous embolism is a rare but significant cause of acute spinal cord injury in veterinary patients. It typically affects dogs, especially large and giant breeds, but can also occur in cats.

The larynx is an essential structure in dogs, playing a vital role in breathing, vocalization, and protecting the lower respiratory tract from aspiration.

Tracheal collapse is a chronic, progressive disorder characterized by the weakening and flattening of the tracheal rings, which leads to dynamic airway obstruction

Chylothorax is a type of pleural effusion where lymphatic fluid, rich in triglycerides, accumulates in the pleural cavity.

BOAS is a prevalent condition affecting brachycephalic breeds such as Bulldogs, Pugs, French Bulldogs, and Shih Tzus.

Pyothorax, also known as thoracic empyema, is the presence of pus within the pleural space.

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a common and debilitating condition in dogs, affecting the intervertebral discs that serve as cushions between the vertebrae of the spine.

Gait disturbances in dogs can be caused by various conditions affecting the peripheral nervous system (PNS), spinal cord, muscles, or joints.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a complex network of nerves connecting the central nervous system (CNS) to limbs and organs. Disorders affecting the PNS can manifest as a range of clinical signs, from muscle weakness and sensory deficits to severe gait abnormalities.

Myelopathy refers to any disease or disorder of the spinal cord. In dogs, myelopathies can lead to significant morbidity and can present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to veterinarians.

Neurolocalization involves identifying the specific anatomical location of a lesion within the spinal cord based on clinical signs and neurological examination findings.

Ectopic ureters are a significant cause of urinary incontinence in young dogs. The condition arises due to improper embryologic development of the ureters, resulting in their insertion outside the urinary bladder.

The reproductive system of female dogs, also known as bitches, is vital for reproduction and species continuity. It consists of both internal and external structures that work together to facilitate ovulation, fertilization, gestation, and parturition.

The prostate gland is an essential component of the male reproductive system in dogs, producing seminal fluid that supports and nourishes spermatozoa.

Burn injuries in small animals can result from various sources, including thermal, electrical, chemical, and radiation exposure.

SIRS and MODS are interrelated syndromes that represent a continuum of systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction in response to various insults, including infection, trauma, pancreatitis, and other inflammatory conditions.

SIRS and MODS are interrelated syndromes that represent a continuum of systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction in response to various insults, including infection, trauma, pancreatitis, and other inflammatory conditions.

Introduce your lesson with an optional, short summary. You can edit this excerpt in lesson settings.

The spleen plays a crucial role in the immune system, blood filtration, and storage of red blood cells. A ruptured spleen in dogs is a veterinary emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and intervention.

Mammary gland tumors in dogs represent a significant portion of veterinary oncologic cases, predominantly affecting intact females.

TECALBO is a comprehensive surgical intervention designed to treat severe, chronic ear diseases that are unresponsive to medical management.

These exams are challenging, covering everything from orthopedic to soft tissue surgeries. But don’t worry, I’ve got you covered! In this episode, I’ll break down the exam’s structure, the most important topics, weightage, and share practical tips to help you prepare effectively.