AVE Part A

Horses in Australia face a range of health challenges due to environmental factors, management practices, and genetic predispositions.

Equine influenza is caused by influenza A viruses, primarily the H3N8 subtype, which has adapted to equine hosts. The disease is characterized by rapid onset, high fever, nasal discharge, and a severe dry cough.

Hendra virus was first identified in 1994 following an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in horses and humans in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane, Australia.

Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is a prevalent condition affecting horses of various disciplines and ages.

Equine abortion, defined as the loss of pregnancy before the fetus is capable of independent survival, poses a significant challenge to equine reproductive health.

Cervical Vertebral Malformation (CVM) is a developmental orthopedic disease characterized by abnormal development of the cervical vertebrae, leading to spinal cord compression and neurological dysfunction.

The guttural pouches are paired, air-filled diverticula of the auditory tubes in equines. They play crucial roles in respiration, phonation, and regulation of intracranial pressure.

EIPH is a well-documented phenomenon in horses subjected to strenuous exercise, especially Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses.

Equine nerve blocks involve the selective desensitization of specific nerves to interrupt pain signals and assess their impact on lameness.

Equine pleuropneumonia is a complex and often devastating respiratory disease that can affect horses of all ages and breeds.

EPM is a prevalent neurological disease in the Americas, with an estimated seroprevalence of 50-90% in horses.

Equine strangles is a globally prevalent infectious disease that can affect horses of all ages, breeds, and disciplines.

Equine neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) is an immune-mediated hemolytic anemia occurring in newborn foals due to maternal alloantibody transfer through colostrum.

RAO is a significant health concern for horses, leading to reduced performance, impaired welfare, and economic losses.

R. equi is a gram-positive, facultative intracellular bacterium commonly found in soil and equine environments.

Sepsis in foals, defined as a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) resulting from infection, represents a critical concern in equine neonatology.

Sepsis in foals, defined as a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) resulting from infection, represents a critical concern in equine neonatology.

The Australian cattle industry is pivotal to the nation's agricultural sector, with beef and dairy farming playing key roles.

Anthrax is a globally distributed disease affecting a wide range of mammals, including livestock, wildlife, and humans.

Bovine mastitis is a multifactorial disease with diverse etiological agents, including bacteria, fungi, and algae.Bovine mastitis is a multifactorial disease with diverse etiological agents, including bacteria, fungi, and algae.

BVDV, a member of the Pestivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family, is a single-stranded RNA virus.

BVDV, a member of the Pestivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family, is a single-stranded RNA virus.

Clostridia are ubiquitous in the environment and are commonly found in the soil and gastrointestinal tracts of animals. Under certain conditions, these bacteria can proliferate and cause disease in cattle.

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a highly contagious and economically significant ocular disease of cattle.

IBR is a highly contagious viral disease that affects both the respiratory and reproductive systems of cattle.

Ketosis is a common metabolic disorder encountered in high-producing dairy cows, particularly during the early postpartum period. It is characterized by a state of hypoglycemia and hyperketonemia, resulting from an imbalance between energy demand and energy supply.

Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) is a non-infectious neurologic disease that affects ruminants, including cattle. Characterized by necrosis of the cerebrocortical grey matter, PEM manifests with a range of neurological signs, often culminating in morbidity and mortality.

White Muscle Disease (WMD) is a nutritional myopathy that affects cattle of all ages, though it is most commonly observed in calves.

Australia has a significant ovine population, contributing substantially to the country's agricultural sector.

Caprine health in Australia is influenced by a variety of factors including environmental conditions, management practices, and genetic predispositions.

Clostridial diseases pose a significant threat to sheep production worldwide, causing substantial economic losses and animal welfare concerns.

Polioencephalomalacia is a devastating neurological disease affecting sheep worldwide.

Scrapie, first documented in the 18th century, has remained a significant concern in the sheep industry worldwide.

Scrapie, first documented in the 18th century, has remained a significant concern in the sheep industry worldwide.

Urethral obstruction, the blockage of the urethra preventing normal urine flow, is a common and serious condition in sheep, predominantly affecting males due to their longer and narrower urethral anatomy.

Border disease virus (BDV) is a pestivirus belonging to the family Flaviviridae, and is closely related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV).

The health of pigs in Australia is influenced by a wide range of factors, including infectious agents, parasites, nutrition, and environmental conditions.

Clostridium species are ubiquitous in the environment and are often found as commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, including pigs.

Exudative epidermitis, or greasy pig disease, is a widespread skin infection primarily affecting neonatal and weaned piglets.

Pseudorabies, first described in the early 20th century, is a re-emerging infectious disease with a global distribution.

Pseudorabies, first described in the early 20th century, is a re-emerging infectious disease with a global distribution.

Diarrhea, characterized by increased frequency and fluidity of fecal discharge, is a prevalent condition in swine of all ages.

The GI tract of pigs plays a pivotal role in their overall health and productivity.

Meat science encompasses the study of the biological, chemical, and physical properties of meat, focusing on the conversion of muscle to meat, factors influencing meat quality, and safety.

Meat quality is a multifaceted concept encompassing various attributes that determine the suitability of meat for consumption. These attributes include sensory characteristics (such as color, tenderness, flavor, and juiciness), nutritional value, and safety.

Allergic skin diseases (ASDs) are a major cause of chronic pruritus and inflammatory skin lesions in dogs.

Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BOAS) is a prevalent health concern in dogs with brachycephalic facial features.

Cardiomyopathy encompasses a group of diseases characterized by structural and functional abnormalities of the heart muscle.

The cornea serves as the eye's primary window, responsible for focusing light and transmitting it to the underlying structures.

The cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) is a vital stabilizer of the canine stifle (knee) joint. Rupture of this ligament results in joint instability, pain, and progressive osteoarthritis.

Elbow dysplasia is a common cause of forelimb lameness in dogs, particularly in large and giant breeds.

Canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a highly aggressive and rapidly progressive vascular tumor. It can develop in any organ but most commonly affects the spleen, liver, and right atrium of the heart.

The larynx plays a critical role in respiration, phonation (barking), and swallowing.

Canine parvovirus poses a significant threat to canine health, particularly for unvaccinated puppies. This single-stranded DNA virus disrupts the intestinal epithelium, leading to malabsorption, electrolyte imbalances, and severe illness.

The trachea, a flexible yet firm tube, plays a vital role in canine respiration. Canine tracheal collapse (CTC) disrupts this crucial function.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) poses a significant health concern for dogs, impacting their overall well-being and requiring lifelong management.

Flea allergic dermatitis (FAD) significantly impacts the well-being of dogs, causing intense itching and discomfort.

Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV), also known as bloat, is a life-threatening acute condition affecting primarily large and deep-chested dog breeds.

Heartworm disease is a parasitic infection transmitted by mosquitoes and primarily affects dogs. The adult heartworms reside in the pulmonary arteries and the right side of the heart, leading to severe cardiopulmonary pathology.

Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV), also known as bloat, is a life-threatening acute condition affecting primarily large and deep-chested dog breeds.

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) casts a long shadow on the health and mobility of many dogs.

Hyperadrenocorticism, a stealthy adversary, disrupts the hormonal symphony in dogs, leading to a cascade of signs often mistaken for natural aging.

Hypercalcemia, an elevation of serum calcium levels beyond the normal physiological range, poses a significant threat to canine health.

Hypoadrenocorticism, a stealthy adversary, disrupts the hormonal symphony in dogs, leading to a cascade of debilitating signs.

Canine hypothyroidism, a prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by insufficient thyroid hormone production, presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to its diverse clinical manifestations.

Cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most prevalent form of skin cancer in dogs, accounting for a significant proportion of canine neoplasms.

Oral malignant melanoma (OMM) poses a significant health concern for dogs, accounting for a substantial proportion of oral tumors in this species.

Osteoarthritis is a progressive, degenerative joint disorder characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage, changes in subchondral bone, and synovial inflammation.

Osteoarthritis is a progressive, degenerative joint disorder characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage, changes in subchondral bone, and synovial inflammation.

Pancreatitis and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency are two primary disorders of the pancreas in dogs.

Pericardial effusion is the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, which can result in increased intrapericardial pressure, impaired cardiac filling, and decreased cardiac output.

Portosystemic shunts (PSS) in dogs are significant vascular anomalies that allow portal blood to bypass the liver and enter systemic circulation directly.

Urolithiasis, the presence of calculi or uroliths in the urinary tract, is a frequent condition in dogs that can cause a range of clinical signs from mild discomfort to life-threatening obstruction.

Allergic skin diseases in cats encompass a wide range of disorders characterized by an abnormal immune response to otherwise harmless substances (allergens).

Allergic skin diseases in cats encompass a wide range of disorders characterized by an abnormal immune response to otherwise harmless substances (allergens).

FAD is the most common allergic skin disease in cats, affecting a significant proportion of the feline population.

Feline asthma, also known as allergic bronchitis, is a common respiratory condition affecting domestic cats.

Feline hyperthyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by the overproduction of thyroid hormones (thyroxine [T4] and triiodothyronine [T3]) by the thyroid gland.

FeLV, first discovered in 1964, is a gammaretrovirus that primarily infects domestic cats but can also infect other felids. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected bodily fluids, particularly saliva.

FIV was first identified in 1986 in a colony of cats with opportunistic infections and immune deficiency.

FIP was first described in 1963 and is caused by a mutation of the ubiquitous feline enteric coronavirus (FECV),

FLUTD represents a significant concern for feline health, affecting cats of various ages, breeds, and lifestyles.

Urethral obstruction is a frequent presentation in feline emergency medicine, posing a significant risk to the affected animal's health and well-being.

Injection-site sarcoma (ISS) is a type of soft tissue sarcoma that arises at the site of previous injections in cats.

Nutritional diseases are a significant concern in avian medicine, affecting a wide range of species, including poultry, companion birds, and wild birds.

Nutritional diseases are a significant concern in avian medicine, affecting a wide range of species, including poultry, companion birds, and wild birds.

Ferrets are prone to developing a wide range of neoplasms, which often pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

Small animals, particularly dogs and cats, are frequently exposed to household toxins that can cause severe health issues or even death.

Chocolate is a popular treat among humans but poses significant health risks to small animals.

Rodenticides are widely used in residential, agricultural, and industrial settings to control rodent populations.

Polydipsia and polyuria (PUPD) are common clinical signs in small animals that can arise from numerous underlying diseases.

Seizures are a manifestation of abnormal, excessive neuronal activity in the brain.

Pruritus is a frequent and significant concern in veterinary dermatology, leading to considerable discomfort for pets and frustration for owners.

Enterotoxemia, also known as overeating disease or pulpy kidney disease, is a common clostridial disease in farm animals. It is caused by Clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium

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